Más de un millón de niñas, niños y adolescentes en Argentina dejó de comer alguna comida -desayuno, almuerzo, merienda o cena- por falta de dinero, una situación que también afecta a 3 millones de adultos, según una nueva encuesta presentada hoy por UNICEF. La insuficiencia en los ingresos también generó una reducción del 67% en el consumo de carne y del 40% en la ingesta de frutas, verduras y lácteos.
La inestabilidad laboral y la insuficiencia en los ingresos de los hogares con chicas y chicos son los principales determinantes de esta situación, de acuerdo con la Encuesta Rápida sobre la situación de la niñez y adolescencia 2022 de UNICEF, representativa de la totalidad de los hogares con niños, niñas y adolescentes en el país, y comparable con los relevamientos realizados por el organismo durante 2020 y 2021. Según este relevamiento, uno de cada tres hogares no puede cubrir sus gastos corrientes y el 50% no puede solventar los gastos escolares, entre ellos la compra de libros y útiles.
La falta de recursos también condiciona la salud: uno de cada cuatro hogares dejó de ir al médico o al odontólogo, casi un 20% suspendió la compra de medicamentos. Además, más de un 30% tuvo que recurrir a ahorros o al pedido de dinero a familiares para poder hacer frente a necesidades básicas. Ante la falta de recursos, el 20% de los hogares recurrió al endeudamiento, principalmente con ANSES, con un crédito bancario o apeló a prestamistas informales, situaciones que ocasionan presiones adicionales sobre los ingresos disponibles.
“El sistema de protección de ingresos sigue siendo un pilar central para proteger a las familias en situación de mayor vulnerabilidad. La encuesta confirma que el 55% de los hogares con niñas y niños es alcanzado por alguna medida de protección social”, afirmó Luisa Brumana, Representante de UNICEF Argentina. “En situaciones de crisis económicas, el Estado debe garantizar que la niñez y la adolescencia sea protegida a través de presupuestos y políticas inclusivas que les permita salir de la pobreza y la indigencia”, señaló.
El riesgo de inseguridad alimentaria también se refleja en el hecho de que el 36% de los hogares con chicas y chicos dejó de comprar algún alimento por no tener dinero. Sin embargo, este promedio esconde fuertes disparidades, llegando al 50% en hogares que reciben la Asignación Universal por Hijo (AUH), la Tarjeta Alimentar, hogares numerosos, con jefatura femenina o endeudados.
En aquellos casos donde el padre no vive en el hogar se observa otra presión adicional sobre los ingresos: una de cada dos mujeres afirma no recibir la cuota alimentaria, en tanto llega al 63% cuando se considera quienes solo la perciben de forma esporádica. Esta situación se agrava en los hogares en situación de mayor vulnerabilidad social.
“Los resultados del estudio muestran que hay un declive de la clase media donde la insuficiencia de ingresos genera la necesidad de usar ahorros o endeudarse para mantener condiciones de vida mínimas para la niñez, mientras que en aquellos hogares ya situados en la pobreza el resultado es la falta de un plato de comida”, señaló Sebastián Waisgrais, Especialista en Inclusión Social de UNICEF Argentina.
La insuficiencia de ingresos también favorece que las y los adolescentes realicen actividades económicas, que tienen impactos negativos sobre sus trayectorias escolares, entre otras vulneraciones de derechos. Los datos muestran que esta situación se sostiene desde el inicio de la pandemia: 1 de cada 4 adolescentes realiza actividades orientadas al mercado y un 10% adicional busca trabajo.
“La situación actual marca un desafío en términos de la generación y sostenimiento de ingresos suficientes en los hogares con niñas y niños. En momentos donde el país se encuentra discutiendo las próximas medidas económicas es importante recordar que los recursos destinados a los niños, niñas y adolescentes deben ser protegidos”, resaltó Brumana.
Otros impactos sobre la niñez y la adolescencia
Impactos socioemocionales: se reduce la incidencia de las alteraciones con las comidas y con el sueño, así como los problemas de comunicación en los niños y niñas más pequeños.
Aprendizajes: el 50% de los hogares considera que los niños, niñas y adolescentes finalizará el nivel en curso con menos aprendizajes de los que deberían haber logrado. El 33% plantea que sus hijos e hijas verán afectado su desempeño futuro como estudiantes. Y el 50% de los y las adolescentes señala que los aprendizajes en este año escolar fueron escasos.
Tecnología y conectividad: Se reduce del 42 al 26% los hogares que no tienen computadora o tablet para la realización de las tareas escolares entre 2021 y 2022, y del 30 al 8% quienes no tienen celulares en el mismo período. Sin embargo, uno de cada cuatro hogares no cuenta con ningún dispositivo en el hogar disponible para la realización de las tareas escolares.
Tareas domésticas y de cuidados: Casi el 50% de las mujeres de más de 18 años entrevistadas expresó sentir una sobrecarga por estas tareas. Además, un 13% de los chicos y chicas se quedan solos en sus casas y un 10% a cargo de, fundamentalmente, una hermana menor de 18 años, lo que ocasiona situaciones de cuidado inadecuado. Estos indicadores aumentan significativamente en hogares monomarentales.
Violencia: Más de 300 mil mujeres reportan sentirse agredidas física y/o verbalmente. Por otra parte, un 24% de las y los adolescentes indican haber presenciado una situación de bullying en sus escuelas y un 7% indica haberla sufrido personalmente.
Acerca de UNICEF
En UNICEF trabajamos en algunos de los lugares más difíciles para llegar a los niños y las niñas más desfavorecidos del mundo. Para salvar sus vidas. Para defender sus derechos. Para ayudarles a alcanzar su máximo potencial. En 190 países y territorios, trabajamos para cada niño y niña, en todas partes, cada día, para construir un mundo mejor para todos y todas. Y nunca nos rendimos. Para obtener más información sobre UNICEF y su labor en favor de los niños y las niñas, visite www.unicef.org.ar
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